This is a reference page with lists of UMR participant roles, non-participant roles, and attribute roles, along with their inverse forms and reifications. Examples are given in English with English PropBank roleset labels (for sense disambiguation), but without the numbered args associated with the rolesets.
(Current as of June 2025.)
These roles are central to events
| Role | Inverse | Reification | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
:actor
Ex: He ate the corn.
(e / eat-01
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 3rd
:refer-number singular)
:undergoer (c / corn)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:actor-of
Ex: the boy who ate the corn
(b / boy
:actor-of (e / eat-01
:undergoer (c / corn)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative))
|
have-actor-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 actor |
Animate entity that initiates the action. The doctor laughed. (l / laugh-01 :actor (d / doctor) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) The doctor ate a salad. (e / eat-01 :actor (d / doctor) :undergoer (s / salad) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:co-actor
Ex: I was arguing with him.
(a / argue-01
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 1st
:refer-number singular)
:co-actor (p2 / person
:refer-person 3rd
:refer-number singluar)
:aspect activity
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:co-actor-of
Ex: the man I was arguing with
(m / man
:co-actor-of (a / argue-01
:actor (p2 / person
:refer-person 1st
:refer-number singular)
:aspect activity
:modal-strength full-affirmative))
|
have-co-actor-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 co-actor |
Secondary parallel Actor who is acting independently of the primary :actor. James battled the dragon. (b / battle-01 :actor (p / person :name (n / name :op1 "James")) :co-actor (d / dragon) :aspect activity :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:undergoer
Ex: He ate the corn.
(e / eat-01
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 3rd
:refer-number singular)
:undergoer (c / corn)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:undergoer-of
Ex: the corn the boy ate
(c / corn
:undergoer-of (e / eat-01
:actor (b / boy)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative))
|
have-undergoer-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 undergoer |
Entity (animate or inanimate) that is affected by the action. The papers burned. (b / burn-01 :undergoer (p / paper :refer-number plural) :aspect activity :modal-strength full-affirmative) He burned the onions. (b / burn-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :undergoer (o / onion :refer-number plural) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:theme
Ex: She put the books on the shelf.
(p / put-01
:actor (p2 / person
:refer-person 3rd
:refer-number singular)
:theme (b / book
:refer-number plural)
:goal (s / shelf)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:theme-of
Ex: the books she had put on the shelf
|
have-theme-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 theme |
Entity (animate, inanimate, or abstract) that moves from one entity to another entity, either spatially or metaphorically. She put the books on the shelf. (p / put-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (b / book :refer-number plural) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) She tore a page from the book. (t /tear-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (p2 / page :refer-number singular) :source (b / book :refer-number plural) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) He gave me a sandwich. (g / give-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (s / sandwich :refer-number singular) :recipient (p2 / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) She told him a story. (t / tell-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (s / story :refer-number singular) :recipient (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:recipient
Ex: I gave Martha a book.
(g / give-01
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 1st
:refer-number singular)
:recipient (p2 / person :name (n / name :op1 "Martha"))
:theme (b / book)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:recipient-of
Ex: The book I gave Martha was old.
(h / have-age-91
:ARG1 (b / book
:theme-of (g / give-01
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 1st
:refer-number singular)
:recipient (p2 / person :name (n / name :op1 "Martha"))
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative))
:ARG2 (o / old)
|
have-recipient-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 recipient |
Animate entity that gains possession (or at least temporary control) of another entity. He gave me a sandwich. (g / give-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (s / sandwich :refer-number singular) :recipient (p2 / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) She told him a story. (t / tell-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (s / story :refer-number singular) :recipient (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:force
Ex: The storm damaged the power lines.
(d/ damage-01
:force (s/ storm)
:undergoer (l/ line
:purpose (p/ power)
:refer-number plural)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative)
|
:force-of
Ex: the storm that damaged the power lines
(s/ storm
:force-of (d/ damage-01
:undergoer (l/ line
:purpose (p/ power)
:refer-number plural)
:aspect performance
:modal-strength full-affirmative))
|
have-force-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 force |
Inanimate entity that initiates the action. The wind knocked down the tree. (k / knock-down-02 :force (w / wind) :undergoer (t / tree) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:causer
Ex:
Parte in Cinte a hni-ter
Parte ERG Cinte 3SG.NOM laugh.1-CAUS
‘Parte made Cinte laugh.’(h/ hniter-00 ‘make laugh’ :causer (p/ person :name (n/ name :op1 "Parte")) :actor (p2/ person :name (n2/ name :op1 "Cinte")) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:causer-of
Ex: |
have-causer-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 causer |
Animate entity that acts on another animate entity to initiate the action. The mother made her child eat the broccoli. (m / make-01 :causer (p / person :ARG1-of (h / have-rel-role-91 :ARG2 (p2 / person) :ARG3 (m / mother) :ARG4 (c / child))) :theme (e / eat-01 :actor p2 :undergoer (b / broccoli) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative)) |
:experiencer
Ex:
|
:experiencer-of
Ex:
|
have-experience-91:ARG1 experiencer :ARG2 the experience :ARG3 stimulus :ARG4 the event, if separate |
Animate entity that cognitively or sensorily experiences a stimulus. The dog heard a sound. (h / hear-01 :experiencer (d / dog) :stimulus (s / sound) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:stimulus
Ex:
|
:stimulus-of
Ex:
|
Entity (animate or inanimate) that is experienced by an :experiencer The dog heard a sound. (h / hear-01 :experiencer (d / dog) :stimulus (s / sound) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
|
:instrument
Ex:
|
:instrument-of
Ex:
|
have-instrument-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 instrument |
Inanimate entity that is manipulated by an external Causer in order to initiate the action. She hit him with a broom. (h / hit-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :undergoer (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :instrument (b / broom) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:companion
Ex:
|
:companion-of
Ex:
|
have-companion-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 companion |
Animate entity that acts with the actor to initiate the action. He cooked dinner with his wife. (c / cook-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :undergoer (d / dinner) :companion (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:material
Ex:
|
:material-of
Ex:
|
have-material-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 material |
Entity (inanimate) that is transformed into a new entity. He made a roux with flour and butter. (m / make-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :undergoer (r / roux) :material (a / and :op1 (f / flour) :op2 (b / butter)) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:source
Ex:
|
:source-of
Ex:
|
have-source-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 source |
Entity from which the :theme detaches. He plucked a flower from the bush. (p / pluck-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (f / flower) :source (b / bush) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:place
Ex:
|
:place-of
Ex:
|
have-place-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 place |
Location at which the action takes place. He read a book in the garden. (r / read-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (b / book) :place (g / garden) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:start
Ex:
|
:start-of
Ex:
|
have-start-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 start |
Location at which a motion event begins. She biked from her house. (b / bike-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :start (h / house :possessor p2) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:goal
Ex:
|
:goal-of
Ex:
|
have-goal-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 goal |
Location at which the action ends, the end point at which the theme arrives. She put the books on the shelf. (p / put-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (b / book :refer-number plural) :goal (s / shelf) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:affectee
Ex:
|
:affectee-of
Ex:
|
have-affectee-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 affectee |
Animate entity which the action has a positive or negative influence on, i.e. beneficiary or maleficiary. He made a cake forthe dog. (m / make-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (c / cake) :affectee (d / dog) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) She twisted his words against him. (t / twist-01 :actor (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :theme (w / word :refer-number plural :possessor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :affectee p :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:cause
Ex:
|
:cause-of
Ex:
|
have-cause-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 cause |
Inanimate entity that causes the action to happen. He was late because of the fire. (l / late-02 :theme (p2 / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :cause (f / fire-05 :aspect process :modal-strength full-affirmative) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:manner
Ex:
|
:manner-of
Ex:
|
have-manner-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 manner |
Manner in which the action takes place. She exercised bylifting weights. (e / exercise-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :manner (l / lift-01 :actor p :theme (w / weight :refer-number plural) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:reason
Ex:
|
:reason-of
Ex:
|
have-reason-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 reason |
Motivation for the :actor to initiate the action. They got married because they were in love. (m / marry-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number plural) :reason (l / love-01 :actor p :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:purpose
Ex:
|
:purpose-of
Ex:
|
have-purpose-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 purpose |
Intended event that results from the action. They dropped water in order to fight fires. (d / drop-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number plural) :theme (w / water) :purpose (f / fight-01 :actor p :force (f2 / fire-05 :refer-number plural :aspect process) :aspect habitual :modal-strength partial-affirmative) :aspect habitual :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:result
Ex:
|
:result-of
Ex:
|
have-result-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 result |
Event or state that comes about in some way that is contingent on another event. She worked her fingers raw. (w / work-10 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :undergoer (f / finger :part-of p :refer-number plural) :result (r / raw-01 :theme f :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:temporal
Ex:
|
:temporal-of
Ex:
|
have-temporal-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 temporal |
Element (event or time expression) that has a temporal relation with the action. She left after dinner. (l / leave-11 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :temporal (a / after :op1 (d / dinner)) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:extent
Ex:
|
:extent-of
Ex:
|
have-extent-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 extent |
Measurement phrase. He ran 7 miles. (r / run-02 :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :extent (d / distance-quantity :quant 7 :unit (m / mile)) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:other-role
Ex:
|
:other-role-of
Ex:
|
have-other-role-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 other role |
This role can be used when an annotator is unsure of which role is appropriate. |
These roles are less central to events than participant roles. Some may modify entities as well as events.
| Role | Inverse | Reification | Definition | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
:direction
Ex: Move that block the other way
(m / move-01
:mode imperative
:actor (p / person
:refer-person 2nd
:refer-number singular)
:theme (b / block
:mod (t / that))
:direction (w / way
:mod-of (o / other-01))
:aspect performance
:modal-strength partial-affirmative)
|
:direction-of
Ex:
|
have-direction-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 direction |
Direction of motion event. He drove west. (d / drive :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :direction (t / trajectory :direction-of (w / west-01)) :aspect activity :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:path
Ex:
|
:path-of
Ex:
|
have-path-91:ARG1 event/entity :ARG2 path |
Path of motion event. I walked the track at the highschool. (w / walk-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :path (t / track) :place (h / highschool) :aspect activity :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:quant
Ex:
|
:quant-of
Ex:
|
have-quant-91:ARG1 entity :ARG2 quant |
Quantity of an entity. My brother has 12 pets. (h / have-91 :ARG1 (p / person :ARG1-of (h2 / have-rel-role-91 :ARG2 (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :ARG3 (b / brother))) :ARG2 (p2 / pet :quant 12) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:degree
|
(see under Attributes) | |||
:duration
Ex:
|
:duration-of
Ex:
|
have-duration-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 duration |
Duration of an event. The commencement ceremony went on for 4 hours. (g / go-on-15 :theme (c / ceremony-01 :purpose (c2 / commencement) :aspect process :modal-strength full-affirmative) :duration (t / temporal-quantity :quant 4 :unit (h2 / hour)) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:frequency
Ex:
|
:frequency-of
Ex:
|
have-frequency-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 frequency |
How often an event occurs. My dog runs around the yard whenever it rains. (r / run-02 :actor (d / dog :possessor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular)) :path (a / around :op1 (y / yard)) :frequency (r2 / rate-entity-91 :ARG4 (r3 / rain-01 :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative)) :aspect habitual :modal-strength full-affirmative) My cat hit my dog on the nose 3 times. (h / hit-01 :actor (c / cat :possessor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular)) :undergoer (d / dog :possessor p) :place (n / nose :part-of d) :frequency 3 :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:mod
Ex:
|
:mod-of
Ex:
|
have-mod-91:ARG1 entity :ARG2 modifier |
For generic modifiers of entities and events. I don't want to wear those shoes. (w / want-01 :polarity - :experiencer (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :stimulus (w2 / wear-01 :actor p :theme (s / shoe :refer-number plural :mod (t / that)) :aspect state :modal-strength partial-negative :modal-predicate w) :aspect state :modal-strength full-negative)The tall man reached the mayonnaise for me. (r / reach-01 :actor (m / man :mod (t / tall)) :theme (m2 / mayonnaise) :affectee (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
|
:topic
Ex:
|
:topic-of
Ex:
|
have-topic-91:ARG1 event/entity :ARG2 topic |
The subject matter of an event or entity. The cobbler wrote a book about shoes. (w / write-01 :actor (p / person :ARG1-of (h / have-role-91 :ARG2 (c / cobbler))) :theme (b / book :topic (s / shoe :refer-number plural)) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:vocative
Ex:
|
:vocative-of
Ex:
|
have-vocative-91:ARG1 event :ARG2 person addressed |
Within utterances, when the addressee is called out. "Good morning, Bert." (s / say-91 :ARG1 (g / good-02 :theme (m / morning) :vocative (p / person :name (n / name :op1 "Bert")) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative :quote s) :ARG2 p) | |
:medium
Ex:
|
:medium-of
Ex:
|
have-medium-91:ARG1 event/entity :ARG2 medium |
The medium through which an event is carried out. I called my mother on the phone. (c / call-02 :actor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :theme (p2 / person :ARG1-of (h / have-rel-role-91 :ARG2 (p3 / person) :ARG3 (m / mother))) :medium (p4 / phone) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) a French song (s / song :medium (l / language :name (n / name :op1 "French"))) | |
:possessor
Ex:
|
:possessor-of
Ex:
|
have-poss-91:ARG1 possessed entity :ARG2 possessor |
The entity who has possession (or temporary control) over something. His shoes are on the floor. (h / have-place-91 :ARG1 (s / shoe :refer-number plural :possessor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular)) :ARG2 (f / floor) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:part
Ex:
|
:part-of
Ex:
|
have-part-91:ARG1 whole entity :ARG2 part |
A component part of a whole. My nose itched. (i / itch-01 :experiencer (n / nose :part-of (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular)) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) The movers lay the box on its side. (l / lay-01 :actor (p / person :refer-number plural :actor-of (m / move-01)) :theme (b / box) :orientation (o / on-04 :theme b :part (s / side :part-of b) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative) | |
:group
Ex:
|
:group-of
Ex:
|
have-group-91:ARG1 members :ARG2 group |
For set/member relationships. a swarm of bees (s / swarm :group-of (b / bee :refer-number plural)) | |
:age
Ex: .
|
:age-of
Ex:
|
have-age-91:ARG1 entity :ARG2 age Ex: The book I gave Martha was old. (h / have-age-91 :ARG1 (b / book :theme-of (g / give-01 :actor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :recipient (p2 / person :name (n / name :op1 "Martha")) :aspect performance :modal-strength full-affirmative)) :ARG2 (o / old)) |
The age of an entity. the 3 year old boy (b / boy :age (t / temporal-quantity :quant 3 :unit (y / year)) | |
:example
Ex:
|
:example-of
Ex:
|
have-example-91:ARG1 event/entity :ARG2 example |
For exemplars. Countries like Germany and France. (c / country :refer-number plural :example (a / and :op1 (c2 / country :name (n / name :op1 "Germany")) :op2 (c3 / country :name (n2 / name :op2 "France"))))) | |
:ordchild concept: (o / ordinal-entity) subroles: :value :range :range-start :range-trajectory Ex: popup |
:ord-of
Ex:
|
have-ord-91:ARG1 main entity :ARG2 ord :ARG3 range :ARG4 range-start :ARG5 range-trajectory |
Ordinal relations. This role takes the concept ordinal-entity as its value, with one mandatory subrole (:value, for the number), and three optional subroles that give further information about how the counter is thinking about the counting. the last man standing (m / man :actor-of (s / stand-01 :ord (o / ordinal-entity :value "-1") :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative)) the first book in the stack (b / book :ord (o / ordinal-entity :value "1") :range (s / stack)) the 3rd block from the lefthand side (b / block :ord (o / ordinal-entity :value "3") :range-start (s / side :ARG2-of (l / left-24))) the 2nd chair toward the front (c / chair :ord (o / ordinal-entity :value "2") :range-trajectory (f / front-03)) |
|
:list-item
Ex:
|
:list-item-of
Ex:
|
have-list-item-91:ARG1 entity :ARG2 number/value |
For enumeration of items in lists. I like two things: 1. dogs, and 2. coffee. (l / like-01 :experiencer (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :stimulus (t / thing :quant 2 :ARG1-of (i / identity-91 :ARG2 (a / and :op1 (d / dog :refer-number plural :list-item "1") :op1 (c / coffee :list-item "2"))))) | |
These relations originated with the Spatial AMR project and appear in the UMR 2.0 release. They are being adopted by UMR but may be considered an add-on for projects that opt to utilize this level of spatial detail.
| Role | Inverse | Reification | Definition |
|---|---|---|---|
:size
|
:size-of
|
have-size-91
:ARG1 entity:ARG2 size |
For size modifiers. Build a 3 by 3 square. (b / build-01 :mode imperative :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 2nd :refer-number singular) :ARG1 (s / square :size (a / and :op1 (d / dimension-entity :value "3") :op2 (d2 / dimension-entity :value "3"))) :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative) |
:color
|
:color-of
|
have-color-91
:ARG1 entity:ARG2 color |
For colors. Build a red triangle. (b / build-01 :mode imperative :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 2nd :refer-number singular) :ARG1 (t / triangle :color (r / red)) :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative) |
:configuration
|
:configuration-of
|
have-configuration-91
:ARG1 components:ARG2 configuration |
For configurations, where individual, separable component parts are arranged in a particular way. Now take the orange blocks and build a =strong>. (a / and :op1 (t / take-01 :mode imperative :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 2nd :refer-number singular) :ARG1 (b / block :refer-number plural :color (o / orange)) :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative) :op2 (b2 / build-01 :mode imperative :ARG0 p :ARG1 (t / thing :configuration (s / string-entity :value "=")) :ARG2 b :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative)) |
:orientation
|
:orientation-of
|
have-orientation-91
:ARG1 entity:ARG2 orientation |
For orientations of entities who are facing a particular way. The painting was upside-downstrong>. (h / have-orientation-91 :ARG1 (t / thing :ARG1-of (p / paint-01)) :ARG2 (u / upside-down) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:anchor
|
:anchor-of
|
have-anchor-91
:ARG1 spatial relation:ARG2 anchor |
Marks the spatial frame of reference (usually a defined spatial framework) the speaker is referencing. My laptop is on topstrong> of my desk. (o / on-top-03 :ARG1 (l / laptop :possessor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular)) :ARG2 (d / desk :possessor p) :anchor (c / cartesian-framework-91 :ARG1 (e / environment)) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
:axis
|
:axis-of
|
have-axis-91
:ARG1 spatial relation:ARG2 axis |
For directed spatial relations, the ray that points in the eponymous direction. May be an abstract ray, or may be a physical structure. The church is down the street from the school. (d / down-05 :ARG1 (c / church) :ARG2 (s / school) :axis (s2 / street) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) He drove west. (d / drive :actor (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular) :direction (t / trajectory :axis-of (w / west-01)) :aspect activity :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
Attributes take their values from fixed sets of Constant Concepts. (Note that :aspect and the :modal attributes are found on their own pages)
| Role, Inverse, Reification | Values | Definitions |
|---|---|---|
:polite(no inverse) be-polite-91
:ARG1 proposition:ARG2 politeness value |
+
|
Politeness constructions. Please pass the sugar. |
-
|
Rudeness constructions. |
|
:polarity:polarity-ofhave-polarity-91:ARG1 proposition :ARG2 polarity value |
-
|
Simple negation. We don't have money. |
-intense
|
Double negation that adds emphasis. We ain't got no money. |
|
+
|
Explicit affirmation. Doch. 'yes it does so' |
|
(t / truth-value)
|
'Whether' constructions. I don't know if I have money. |
|
(u / umr-unknown)
|
Yes/no questions. Do you have money? |
|
:mode(no inverse) (no reification) |
interrogative
|
Questions. Who at the cheese? |
imperative
Ex:
|
Commands, suggestions. Move that block the other way. (m / move-01 :mode imperative :actor (p / person :refer-person 2nd :refer-number singular) :theme (b / block :mod (t / that)) :direction (w / way :mod-of (o / other-01)) :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative) |
|
expressive
|
Expressive constructions, profanity. I can't find my flippin socks. (f / find-01 :mode expressive :polarity - :actor (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :theme (s / sock :refer-number plural :mod (f / flippin)) :aspect state :modal-strength full-negative) | |
:degree:degree-ofhave-degree-91
:ARG1 entity:ARG2 attribute :ARG3 degree :ARG4 compared to :ARG5 reference to superset :ARG6 threshold of sufficiency Ex: The girl is taller than the boy. (h / have-degree-91 :ARG1 (g / girl) :ARG2 (t / tall-01) :ARG3 (m / more) :ARG4 (b / boy) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) Ex: He runs as fast as lightning. (h / have-degree-91 :ARG1 (r / run-02 :ARG1 (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular :aspect habitual :modal-strength full-affirmative)) :ARG2 (f / fast) :ARG3 (e / equal) :ARG4 (l / lightning) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) Ex: It is too early to reach any conclusion as to the motive and identity of the attackers . (h / have-degree-91 :ARG2 (e / early-01) :ARG3 (t / too) :ARG6 (c / conclude-01 :ARG2 (a / and :op1 (t2 / thing :ARG0-of (m / motivate-01 :ARG1 (p / person :ARG0-of (a / attack-01)))) :op2 (p2 / person :ARG1-of (i / identity-91 :ARG2 p))) :aspect performance :modal-strength partial-affirmative) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) Ex: the most intelligent girl on the team (g / girl :ARG1-of (h / have-degree-91 :ARG2 (i / intelligent) :ARG3 (m / most) :ARG5 (g2 / girl :ARG1-of (h2 / have-org-role-92 :ARG2 (t / team))))) have-degree-92
:ARG1 state:ARG2 degree value Ex: I know that he is of high intelligence. (k / know-01 :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 1st :refer-number singular) :ARG1 (h / have-degree-92 :ARG1 (i / intelligent-01 :ARG1 (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-number singular)) :ARG2 intensifier :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative)) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
intensifier
|
Modifiers that increase the degree to which a state holds. The man is very tall. (t / tall-01 :theme (m / man) :degree intensifier :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
downtoner
|
Modifiers that reduce the degree to which a state holds. The taxi is almost there. (h / have-place-91 :ARG1 (m / man) :ARG2 (t / there) :degree downtoner :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
|
equal
|
Modifiers that indicate a state holds for two entities to an equal degree. The woman is highly intelligent. (i / intelligent-01 :ARG1 (w / woman) :degree (h / high) :aspect state :modal-strength full-affirmative) |
|
(some concept)
|
For cases where you want to insert a lexical item from the sentence. |
Note that these values are arranged into lattices, and no language is expected to use all of the tags. Languages may choose which of the tags are the best fit for their annotation project to capture distinctions that are intuitive to their speakers.
| Role, Inverse, Reification | Values | Definitions |
|---|---|---|
:refer-person(no inverse) (no reification) |
non-1st
|
2nd and 3rd are clustered together |
non-3rd
|
1st and 2nd are clustered together | |
1st
|
1st person. I, me, my, we, us, etc. | |
2nd
|
2nd person. you, y'all, you guys, etc. |
|
3rd
|
Third person. he, she, it, they, one, etc. |
|
1st-inclusive
|
Includes you as well as me or us. | |
1st-exclusive
|
Includes me or us without you. |
|
:refer-number(no inverse) (no reification) |
singular
|
singular. |
nonsingular
|
Everything but singular, may refer to a group, class or type. | |
paucal
|
A small imprecise number (maybe 3-10). | |
plural
|
More than one. | |
dual
|
Exactly 2. | |
non-dual-paucal
|
A small imprecise number other than 2. (English annotation has not typically used the paucal tag, but 'a few' is a paucal concept.) There were only a few radishes. | |
greater-plural
|
Category captures a larger number than the regular plural class. | |
trial
|
Exactly 3. | |
non-trial-paucal
|
A small imprecise number greater than 3. | |
:refer-definiteness(no inverse) (no reification) |
class
|
Use for generic pronouns. Other uses not explored yet. One does not simply walk into Mordor. (w / walk-01 :polarity - :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 3rd :refer-definiteness class) :goal (p2 / place :name (n / name :op1 "Mordor")) :manner (s / simple) :aspect state :modal-strength full-negative) You shouldn't judge a book by its cover. (j / judge-01 :mode imperative :ARG0 (p / person :refer-person 2nd :refer-definiteness class) :ARG1 (b / book) :ARG3 (c / cover :part-of b) :aspect state :modal-strength partial-negative) |